Track Categories
The track category is the heading under which your abstract will be reviewed and later published in the conference printed matters if accepted. During the submission process, you will be asked to select one track category for your abstract.
Clinical trials and case reports are the information gathered from the larger groups of people that contain the results of a drug or treatment, side effects by comparing it to the commonly used treatments. This collected information will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely and also gives researchers knowledge about new technologies, and new aspects.
The central nervous system includes brain and spinal cord. The brain plays a central role in the control of most body functions and uses 20 percent of the total oxygen we breathe in. The brain consists of an estimated 100 billion neurons, with each connected to thousands more. The brain can be divided into four main lobes: temporal, parietal, occipital and frontal. The spinal cord is an elongated cylindrical structure, about 45 cm (18 inches) long that extends from the medulla oblongata to a level between the first and second lumbar vertebrae of the backbone.
Neurodegenerative disease is an umbrella term for a range of conditions which primarily affect the neurons in the human brain. These disorders are marked by the loss of neurons within the brain and/or spinal cord. The clinical features of this diverse group of neurological disorders depend on the particular central nervous system regions involved. The two most common neurodegenerative disorders are Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
Back pain is the common health problems present among a large number of people around the world. Continuously sitting for long hours, lack of exercise and unhealthy working habits are some of the most common causes of back pain. Typically, back pain is treated with simple medications or exercises. When this fails and quality of life is severely affected then the doctors recommend spine surgery to treat severe and prolonged back pain condition. Minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) is sometimes called less invasive spine surgery. In these procedures, doctors use specialized instruments to access the spine through small incisions.
Neurosurgery refers to the medical specialty dedicated to the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders that affect our nervous system i.e., brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system. Developed in the first half of the twentieth-century neurosurgery has witnessed till date exponential advances in intensive care, technology, and sophisticated non-invasive procedures. This has undoubtedly have widened the scope of neurosurgical practice. Pediatric neurosurgery, Functional Neurosurgery, Neurovascular Surgery, Traumatology, Neuro-oncology, Skull-base surgery, Spinal surgery are the different categories of neurosurgery.
Both the spinal cord and brain are insulated by numerous membranes that can be vulnerable to force and pressure. The peripheral nerves located deep under the skin can also be vulnerable to damage. Neurological disorders can affect an entire neurological pathway or a single neuron. Even a small disturbance to a neuron’s structural pathway can result in dysfunction. Various types of neurological disorders affect millions of people around the world, including 24 million that suffer from Alzheimer’s disease and 326 million who experience migraines.
Neurosurgical problems seen by paediatric neurosurgeons are often quite different from those commonly seen by adult or general neurosurgeons. . If a child has problems involving the head, spine, or nervous system, a paediatric neurosurgeon has the experience and qualifications to treat that child. Special training in paediatric diseases as they relate to paediatric neurosurgical diseases is important. Paediatric neurosurgical problems often are present for life. Paediatric neurosurgeons have a special and longstanding relationship with their patients. Children with nervous system problems frequently require on-going and close follow-up throughout childhood and adolescence.
Neuro immune deficiency syndrome is an incurable and inevitably fatty disease. NIDS is an intended medical classification for illnesses or disorders (that may currently have psychiatric or developmental labels) that are actually caused by a complex neuro-immune, complex viral, autoimmune-like illness affecting cognitive and body functions in children and adults. Some of these diseases are labelled as; Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD), ADD or ADHD, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS/CFIDS), as well as other multiple related disorders. Many classic autoimmune diseases may have a treatable NIDS component. The symptoms of NIDS vary and can affect multiple areas of a child's development and overall health and wellbeing.
Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behaviour, sensations, and sometimes loss of awareness. People with epilepsy experience recurrent seizures, because a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain causes a temporary disturbance in the messaging systems between brain cells. There are several different types of seizures depending upon the individual. Most seizures can be categorized as either focal or generalized.
Biomarkers are measurable and quantifiable biological indicators which are used in diagnosing or predicting disease, monitoring disease progression and also to indicate what treatment options will be most effective in an individual patient's case and estimate the treatment response. They play a role both in new drug R&D and in predicting the outcome of treatment. These are the important tools to understand disease mechanism, developing more effective treatments and improving the quality of patient care.
Anaesthesia for neurosurgical procedures requires understanding of the normal anatomy of CNS and some changes that occur in response to the presence of space occupying lesions like trauma or infection. Along with the balanced anesthesia with smooth induction and emergence detailed attention should be given in order to maintain sufficient cerebral perfusion pressure. CPP and oxygenation should be appropriate while minimizing CMRO2 to protect against ischemia.
The formation of new neural connections throughout life will let the brain able to recognise itself. Neuroplasticity will allow the neurons in the brain to recoup the injuries and diseases to adjust their activity in new situations or to change in the environment. Neuroplasticity is also called as brain plasticity or brain malleability. Neuroplasticity sometimes may also contribute to impairment. For example, people who are deaf may suffer from a continual ringing in their ears (tinnitus), the result of the rewiring of brain cells starved for sound. For neurons to form beneficial connections, they must be correctly stimulated.
Progressive neurological disorders like dementias, Parkinson's and tumours and isolated neurological events such as traumatic brain injuries and strokes will get benefited immensely from neuro rehabilitation. After completion of treatment for the acute stage of brain, neuro rehabilitation steps in to help the patient recover, maximise their functional and cognitive abilities and to help them in realising their personal goals.
Neuroradiologists diagnose conditions of spine, neck, head and central nervous system by using equipment’s like computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for identifying diseases. This medical specialty is also called neuro interventional surgery. Interventional neuroradiology is a subspecialty within radiology. It also involves catheters and radiology to diagnose and treat neurological conditions and diseases. Imaging patients with headaches, seizures, and cerebrovascular conditions such as stroke, aneurysms, and carotid atherosclerotic disease.
Computational neuroscience is the field of study in which interdisciplinary science links up the diverse fields of neuroscience, computer science, physics and applied mathematics together. It is the primary investigative method used in order to understand the functioning and mechanism of nervous system. These computational models are used to framing the hypotheses which can be directly tested by current or future biological and/or psychological experiments.
The term "craniotomy" refers broadly to the surgical removal of a part (bone flap) from the cranium (skull) in order to get temporary access to the intracranial compartment. The name of the craniotomy changes based upon the region where the bone has removed. For example, if the craniotomy is opened in the frontal bone, it is known as frontal craniotomy. This procedure will be done as a part of another surgery which was done either to the brain or surrounding tissues. The bone flap will be kept back in place once the surgery completes. Some craniotomy procedures may use the guidance of computers MRI or CT scans to reach the precise location within the brain that is to be treated.
Keyhole brain surgery is a minimally invasive surgical procedure which is used to remove brain tumours through smaller, more precise openings which minimizes the collateral damage for the surrounding scalp, brain, blood vessels and nerves thereby avoiding complications and patient disfigurement, while promoting a more rapid, complete and less painful recovery. It is also called as retro sigmoid craniotomy. Benefits of this procedure are less pain when compared to the open craniotomy, faster recovery and it has minimal scarring.
Robotic or Robot-assisted surgery is the advanced computer technology with the experience of the skilled surgeons. This technology will provide the surgeon with a 10x magnified, high-definition, 3D-image of the body's intricate anatomy. The surgeon will use the controls in the console to manipulate special surgical instruments which are smaller and as also more flexible and manoeuvrable than the human hand. The robot replicates the surgeon's hand movements, which minimizes the hand tremors. So the surgeon can operate with enhanced precision, dexterity and control even during the most complex procedures.
Neuro oncology deals with cancers of the brain and spinal cord. Cancers of the nervous system are often severe conditions which will eventually become life threatening. Some examples of neurological cancers are astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiforme, glioma, pontine glioma, ependymoma and brain stem tumors of the malignant brain cancers, high-grade astrocytoma and gliomas of the brain stem tumors are examples of the most severe diseases. Patients will not usually survive more than few months without treatment, but if chemotherapy and radiotherapy is done then survival can be extended to a couple of years in some patients.
Increased level of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles increases the intracranial pressure within the skull. This condition is known as hydrocephalus, and the removal of this fluid from the cavities of the brain through surgical process is called ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Tapping or aspirating the shunt is performed for both diagnostic reasons (eg, evaluate for shunt infection and blockage) and therapeutic reasons (eg, allows fluids to be drawn off to alleviate symptoms from a blocked shunt).
The major central nervous system (CNS) disorders, includes brain tumors, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke. These are significant threats to human health. Even though impressive advances in the treatment of CNS disorders are made during the past few decades, the success rates are still moderate if not poor. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) hampers the access of systemically administered drugs to the brain. The development of nanotechnology provides powerful tools to deliver therapeutics to target sites. Neurotransmitter pathways exist in the CNS (brain and spinal cord) just as they do in the PNS. The major excitatory neurotransmitters are the amino acids glutamate (Glu) and aspartate (Asp); the major inhibitory neurotransmitters are GABA and glycine (Gly).